Bitcoin 挖礦礦池
礦池結合數千名礦工嘅算力，更頻繁搵到區塊，再按比例分配獎勵。
咩係挖礦礦池？
用單部 ASIC 獨自挖礦好似買一張六合彩，以目前嘅難度，一部 Antminer S21 XP 平均要大約 65 年先搵到一個區塊。挖礦礦池令數千名礦工結合算力，更頻繁搵到區塊，再按每位礦工嘅貢獻按比例分配獎勵。
超過 95% 嘅 Bitcoin 區塊都係透過礦池挖出嘅。大部分礦工每日賺取細額、可預測嘅收入，唔使等一個可能永遠唔會嚟嘅大獎。
礦池挖礦點樣運作
從連接你嘅礦機到收取區塊獎勵嘅份額。
連接你嘅礦機
用礦池嘅 Stratum URL 同你嘅錢包地址設定你嘅 ASIC。礦機會連接並開始接收工作。
提交份額
你嘅礦機解決叫做「份額」嘅部分工作量證明難題。每個份額都證明你嘅硬件正在工作同貢獻。
礦池搵到區塊
當礦池中嘅任何礦工搵到有效區塊，礦池會提交佢並獲得獎勵（目前係 3.125 BTC 加交易費）。
咩係份額？
份額係你嘅礦機正在做實際工作嘅證明。佢係一個符合比實際區塊目標更低嘅難度門檻嘅哈希值，比較容易搵到但仍然喺數學上有效。礦池追蹤所有礦工嘅份額，以計算每位礦工對獎勵嘅按比例貢獻。
礦池費用同運氣
礦池收取挖礦獎勵嘅 0-4%。費用低唔一定更好，要考慮可靠性、支付方式同過往紀錄。「礦池運氣」意味住區塊有時比平均快或慢出現。有啲支付方式會幫你吸收呢種波動，有啲就直接傳遞俾你。
份額難度同波動
當你嘅礦機連接到礦池時，礦池會分配一個「份額難度」，即一個比實際 Bitcoin 網絡難度容易得多嘅目標。2026 年嘅網絡難度超過 100 萬億，而礦池可能分配嘅份額難度只有幾十億。
呢個意味住你嘅礦機可以頻繁提交份額（每幾秒到幾分鐘），提供精細嘅工作證明。礦池追蹤所有已提交嘅份額，以計算每位礦工嘅按比例貢獻。
礦池運氣對短期收入有重大影響。當礦池搵到區塊嘅速度快過平均就係「幸運」，慢過平均就係「唔好彩」。隨住時間推移，運氣會平均到大約 100%，但喺任何一個星期，礦池可能處於 80% 或 120% 嘅運氣。
呢種波動就係點解支付方式好重要。FPPS 同 PPS+ 礦池吸收運氣波動，每份份額支付固定費率，唔理礦池運氣點樣。PPLNS 礦池將波動傳遞俾你，喺幸運期間你賺更多，喺唔好彩期間賺更少。
Bitcoin 挖礦礦池比較
所有主要礦池按支付方式、費用同功能比較。
Formerly Slush Pool — the world's first Bitcoin mining pool (est. November 2010). Pioneer of Stratum V2 protocol for decentralized block template construction. Offers both FPPS (2% fee) and PPLNS (0% fee) payout options.
- 支付方式
- FPPS, PPLNS
- 費用
- 2% FPPS / 0% PPLNS
The largest Bitcoin mining pool, controlling roughly 30% of network hash rate. Backed by Digital Currency Group (DCG). Institutional focus with compliance-first operations and deep relationships with North American miners.
- 支付方式
- FPPS
- 費用
- 0%
AntPool
Operated by Bitmain, the world's largest ASIC manufacturer. Second-largest pool with roughly 18% of network hash rate. Strong presence in China and international markets.
- 支付方式
- FPPS, PPLNS
- 費用
- 2.5% FPPS / 0% PPLNS
Independent pool operator with roughly 13% of network hash rate. Offers the widest range of payout methods including PPS+, PPLNS, and solo mining. Particularly strong in Russia and surrounding regions.
- 支付方式
- PPS+, PPLNS, SOLO
- 費用
- 4% PPS+ / 2% PPLNS
Fast-growing pool with roughly 9% of network hash rate. Focuses on institutional miners with competitive FPPS payouts and stable infrastructure. Relatively new but expanding rapidly.
- 支付方式
- FPPS
- 費用
- FPPS
MARA Pool
Vertically integrated pool operated by Marathon Digital Holdings (NASDAQ: MARA), a publicly traded Bitcoin mining company. Private pool — not open to external miners. Controls roughly 6% of network hash rate.
- 支付方式
- FPPS
- 費用
- N/A
Luxor
US-based pool with roughly 3% of network hash rate. Offers integrated firmware (LuxOS), hashrate derivatives platform, and fixed/upfront payout options beyond standard FPPS. Also provides miner financing.
- 支付方式
- FPPS
- 費用
- 0%
Exchange-integrated mining pool operated by Binance, the world's largest crypto exchange. Controls roughly 2% of network hash rate. Miners benefit from seamless integration with Binance's trading and financial ecosystem.
- 支付方式
- FPPS
- 費用
- 0.5%
Small, community-run pool operating since 2014. Uses the CKPool open-source mining software. Low fees and PPLNS payouts appeal to miners who prioritize decentralization.
- 支付方式
- PPLNS
- 費用
- 0.9%
Solo mining pool — you get the full block reward (3.125 BTC) if your miner finds a block, or nothing. Maximum variance, maximum reward. Popular with Bitaxe and small ASIC hobby miners chasing a solo block find.
- 支付方式
- SOLO
- 費用
- 2%
Cipher Mining
Formerly Bitfury. US-based publicly traded Bitcoin mining company (NASDAQ: CIFR) operating a private pool. Not open to external miners.
- 支付方式
- N/A
- 費用
- N/A
冇一個礦池應該控制超過網絡算力嘅 25%。揀礦池嘅時候，考慮揀中型或較細嘅礦池嚟支持 Bitcoin 嘅去中心化。網絡嘅健康取決於算力分佈喺好多獨立營運者之間。
礦池支付方式詳解
礦池點樣計算同分配挖礦獎勵俾參與者。
FPPS
Full Pay Per Share
Pays miners for both the block subsidy and an estimated share of transaction fees, per share submitted. Offers the most predictable income — the pool absorbs all variance risk. Higher fees compensate the pool for this risk.
Foundry USA, F2Pool, AntPool, SpiderPool, Luxor, Binance Pool
PPS+
Pay Per Share Plus
Hybrid approach — pays a fixed rate per share for the block subsidy (like PPS), plus distributes transaction fees using a PPLNS method. Slightly less predictable than FPPS but potentially higher payouts when the pool is lucky.
ViaBTC, F2Pool
PPLNS
Pay Per Last N Shares
Rewards are distributed based on shares submitted in a window around when a block is found. Pays more when the pool is lucky, less when unlucky. Lowest fees (often 0%) but highest variance. Miners must stay connected consistently.
Braiins Pool, AntPool, ViaBTC, Kano CKPool
TIDES
Transparent Index of Distinct Extended Shares
Ocean's proprietary transparent payout system. Tracks work in a rolling window equivalent to the last 8 blocks worth of network difficulty. Each payout is fully auditable and paid directly via coinbase transactions — no withdrawal process needed.
Ocean
SOLO
Solo Mining
The pool coordinates work but you receive the entire block reward (currently 3.125 BTC) if your miner finds a block. No reward sharing. Maximum variance — could take years to find a block with a single ASIC, but the full reward is yours.
Solo CKPool, ViaBTC (solo option)
呢啲支付方式曾經俾早期 Bitcoin 挖礦礦池使用，但目前主要礦池已經唔再使用。
PPS (Pay Per Share): Pays a fixed amount for each valid share submitted, based only on the block subsidy (ignoring transaction fees). The pool absorbs all luck variance. Largely replaced by FPPS which also includes transaction fee revenue.
PROP (Proportional): Distributes the block reward proportionally among all miners based on shares submitted during the round. Simple but vulnerable to pool-hopping — miners could jump in right before a block was found.
DGM (Double Geometric Method): Hybrid approach where the pool operator absorbs some risk by receiving a portion of payouts during short rounds and returning it during longer rounds. Designed to normalize payments and reduce variance.
BPM (Bitcoin Pooled Mining): Also known as Slush's method. Older shares from the beginning of a round are weighted less than recent shares. This reduced the incentive for pool-hopping by making late-round shares more valuable.
SCORE (Score-Based): Rewards are weighted by the time work was submitted. Later shares in a round are worth more than earlier ones. Similar intent to BPM — discouraging pool-hopping.
SMPPS (Shared Maximum Pay Per Share): Similar to PPS but the pool never pays out more than it has earned. Protects the pool from going bankrupt during unlucky streaks by capping payouts at available balance.
ESMPPS (Equalized Shared Maximum Pay Per Share): Variant of SMPPS that distributes available funds equally among all miners rather than prioritizing any group.
RSMPPS (Recent Shared Maximum Pay Per Share): Variant of SMPPS that prioritizes the most recent miners first when distributing available funds.
CPPSRB (Capped Pay Per Share with Recent Backpay): Uses a maximum PPS system that pays miners as much as possible from block-finding income without going bankrupt. Unpaid balances carry forward to future rounds.
POT (Pay on Target): High-variance PPS variant that pays based on the difficulty of work returned by the miner rather than the pool's overall difficulty. Rewards miners who submit higher-difficulty shares more generously.
點樣揀挖礦礦池
最適合嘅礦池取決於你嘅營運規模、風險承受能力同優先考慮嘅因素。
家庭礦工（1-3 部 ASIC）
喺屋企運行礦機，用嚟學習、供暖或細規模收入。
- 搵穩定嘅按份額支付，令每日收入可預測
- 當你嘅算力較細，低最低支付門檻好重要
- 簡單設置，有清晰文件同標準 Stratum 支援
- 考慮較細嘅礦池嚟幫助保持 Bitcoin 嘅去中心化
小型礦場（3-50 部 ASIC）
需要可靠、可規劃現金流嘅專業挖礦營運。
- 可預測嘅收入對於覆蓋電費同託管成本至關重要
- 費用透明度，清楚了解你支付嘅每一項費用
- 運行時間同可靠性比細微嘅費用差異更重要
- 加密連接同安全功能保護你嘅收入
工業級營運（50 部以上 ASIC）
大規模挖礦需要企業級基礎設施。
- API 存取、SLA 同專屬支援，用於機隊整合
- 按規模協商自訂費率同支付時間表
- 將算力分散到多個礦池以降低風險
- 司法管轄區同監管合規考量
你揀嘅礦池影響 Bitcoin 嘅去中心化
挖礦礦池構建區塊模板，決定邊啲交易被包含喺區塊鏈中。當你將算力指向一個礦池時，你就係認可佢哋對交易選擇同協議規則嘅決定。
兩個礦池 Foundry USA 同 AntPool 經常控制大約 50% 嘅網絡總算力。呢種區塊構建權力嘅集中係礦池挖礦最大嘅取捨。
Stratum V2 透過俾個別礦工自己構建區塊模板而唔係依賴礦池營運者嚟解決呢個問題。Braiins Pool 原生支援 Stratum V2，而 Ocean 使用 DATUM 協議進行礦工端模板構建。
礦工可以做咩
- 運行完整 Bitcoin 節點以獨立驗證區塊
- 揀選支援 Stratum V2 嘅礦池，實現礦工端區塊構建
- 將算力分散到較細嘅礦池以減少中心化
- 透過 mempool.space 等區塊瀏覽器監控礦池行為
協議升級同礦工信號
SegWit 喺 2017 年 8 月激活，Taproot 喺 2021 年 11 月激活。兩者都需要礦工信號，礦池營運者喺區塊頭中設定特定位元嚟表示準備就緒。當達到區塊門檻（通常 90-95%）表示支持時，升級就會激活。呢個俾礦池對採納邊啲協議變更有重大影響力。
點解運行完整節點好重要
完整節點獨立驗證每個區塊同交易是否符合 Bitcoin 嘅共識規則。冇完整節點，你就係信任你嘅礦池告訴你區塊鏈嘅真實狀態。運行節點確保即使你嘅礦池包含無效交易，你嘅節點都會拒絕嗰啲區塊。
完整節點選項包括 Bitcoin Core（參考實現）、Bitcoin Knots（具有額外過濾功能嘅增強版本）同 btcd（Go 語言實現）。
常見問題
關於 Bitcoin 挖礦礦池嘅常見問題。
咩係 Bitcoin 挖礦礦池？
挖礦礦池係一群礦工結合佢哋嘅計算能力，更頻繁搵到區塊並按比例分配獎勵。礦工唔使等幾年先搵到一個獨自挖到嘅區塊，而係根據貢獻賺取細額、可預測嘅收入。
礦池收入點樣運作？
礦池追蹤你嘅「份額」，即證明你算力貢獻嘅部分工作量證明解答。當礦池搵到區塊時，獎勵根據提交嘅份額分配。支付方式（FPPS、PPLNS 等）決定你具體點樣同幾時收到報酬。
邊種支付方式最好？
FPPS 提供最可預測嘅收入，你按每份份額獲得固定費率，包括估計嘅交易費，唔理礦池運氣點樣。PPLNS 費用較低但每日波動較大。對大多數礦工嚟講，FPPS 提供可預測性同簡單性嘅最佳平衡。
我可以唔加入礦池就挖 Bitcoin 嗎？
可以，但用單部 ASIC 獨自挖礦極唔可能有利可圖。以目前嘅難度，一部 Antminer S21 XP 平均需要大約 65 年先搵到一個區塊。Solo CKPool 等獨自挖礦服務適合想試手氣嘅業餘礦工，有機會獲得完整嘅 3.125 BTC 區塊獎勵。
礦池費用點樣運作？
礦池收取挖礦獎勵嘅 0-4%。基於 PPS 嘅礦池（FPPS、PPS+）通常收取 2-4%，因為佢哋幫你吸收運氣波動。PPLNS 礦池通常收取 0-2%，因為礦工承擔波動風險。費用低唔一定代表收入更高，可靠性同運行時間同樣重要。
我揀嘅礦池會影響 Bitcoin 嘅去中心化嗎？
會。礦池營運者決定邊啲交易進入區塊。當少數大型礦池控制大部分算力時，區塊構建權力就集中咗。你可以揀較細嘅礦池、使用支援 Stratum V2 嘅礦池，以及運行自己嘅 Bitcoin 完整節點嚟幫忙。